Učit se znamená objevovat to, co už víš.
Konat znamená demonstrovat, že to to víš.
Učit druhé znamená připomínat jim, že to vědí stejně dobře jako ty.
Všichni jste zároveň žáci, praktikanti a učitelé.

Richard Bach

Literatura

Impact Factor - Electrochemistry

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Novinky z knihovny

Aktualizace Seznamu recenzovaných neimpaktovaných periodik vydávaných v ČR.
Rada na svém 284. zasedání dne 28. 6. 2013 schválila změnu harmonogramu aktualizace Seznamu recenzovaných neimpaktovaných periodik vydávaných v ČR tak, že výsledný aktualizovaný Seznam bude schválen na 285. zasedání Rady dne 30. 8. 2013. Tento aktualizovaný Seznam bude platný od 1. 1. 2014. V hodnocení pro rok 2013 bude použít pro druh výsledku Jrec Seznam platný v roce 2012 s tím, že bude platit pouze pro obory stanovené v platné Metodice (viz příloha č. 8), kterou schválila vláda usnesením č. 475 ze dne 19. 6. 2013. O prodloužení platnosti Seznamu recenzovaných neimpaktovaných periodik vydávaných v ČR (platného v letech 2010 až 2012) i na rok 2013 rozhodla Rada pro výzkum, vývoj a inovace na svém 283. zasedání dne 31. 5. 2013.

Prima ZOOM

Metalothionein information servis (28 T)

Title: Assessment of the health status of Donax trunculus from the Gulf of Tunis using integrative biomarker indices
Author(s): Tlili, Sofiene; Minguez, Laetitia; Giamberini, Laure; et al.
Source: ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS Volume: 32 Pages: 285-293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.003 Published: SEP 2013


Title: FTIR, XAS, and XRD study of cadmium complexes with L-cysteine
Author(s): Parsons, Jason G.; Dokken, Kenneth M.; McClure, John; et al
. Source: POLYHEDRON Volume: 56 Pages: 237-242 DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.04.001 Published: JUN 12 2013
Cysteine (cys) plays a vital role in the detoxification of cadmium (Cd), but the coordination of this metal to cys is not well understood, although extensively studied. In this investigation, our results showed that the ratio Cd:cys 1:2 precipitate as a amorphous white powder, the Cd:cys 1:4 provided for a viscous liquid without precipitating, while the Cd:cys 1:6 resulted in long, clear, needle-like crystals. FTIR and XAS analysis indicated that cys was coordinated to Cd through S ligands on the cys. EXAFS of the Cd:cys products showed small differences in the coordination environment. The complex from Cd:cys 1:2 reaction displayed two different Cd-S interactions at 2.69 and 2.54 angstrom, each consisting of two neighboring atoms. The complex from the Cd:cys 1:4 reaction showed four equally distant Cd-S interactions at 2.47 angstrom. The comples from the Cd:cys 1:6 reaction exhibited a Cd-S interaction of four S ligands at approximately 2.54 angstrom. All the Cd:cys complexes had a tetrahedral arrangement of S ligands around the central Cd atom. The XRD demonstrated that the Cd:cys 1:2 and 1:4 reaction products were amorphous and no diffraction peaks were observed. However, the Cd:cys 1:6 reaction product showed strong diffraction peaks, crystallizing into a monoclinic unit cell (C2/C). (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Title: Cadmium, lead and metallothionein contents in cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy)
Author(s): Trinchella, Francesca; Esposito, Maria Grazia; Simoniello, Palma; et al.
Source: AQUACULTURE RESEARCH Volume: 44 Issue: 7 Pages: 1076-1084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03111.x Published: JUN 2013
The concentration of cadmium and lead ions was determined in digestive gland and mantle of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from five aquaculture stations located in the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea). Metallothionein (MT) levels in the same tissues were also evaluated. This gulf represents a greatly urbanized area, characterized by an important commercial port and past industrial activities, terminated in the last decade of the 20th century. The results were compared with those obtained from mussels cultivated in a more pristine neighbouring area. Data demonstrate that the amount of both metals found in mussels harvested at the highly anthropogenic sites in the Gulf of Naples was comparable with that found in mussels from the more naturalistic site. The content of both cadmium and lead was not related with that of MT. Indeed, the amount of both metals in the digestive gland was greater than in the mantle, whereas the MT preferentially accumulated in the mantle. Possibly, the MT content in mantle was associated to the physiological function of the tissue, rather than heavy metals exposure.

Title: Use of brightness wavelet transformation for automated analysis of serum metallothioneins- and zinc-containing proteins by Western blots to subclassify childhood solid tumours
Author(s): Vyslouzilova, Lenka; Krizkova, Sona; Anyz, Jiri; et al.
Source: ELECTROPHORESIS Volume: 34 Issue: 11 Special Issue: SI Pages: 1637-1648 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200561 Published: JUN 2013

Title: Age-relevant renal effects of cadmium exposure through consumption of home-harvested rice in female Japanese farmers
Author(s): Horiguchi, Hyogo; Oguma, Etsuko; Sasaki, Satoshi; et al.
Source: ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL Volume: 56 Pages: 1-9 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.001 Published: JUN 2013

Title: Metallothioneins BcMT1 and BcMT2 from Brassica campestris enhance tolerance to cadmium and copper and decrease production of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis thaliana
Author(s): Lv, Yanyan; Deng, Xiaopeng; Quan, Lingtong; et al.
Source: PLANT AND SOIL Volume: 367 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 507-519 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-012-1486-y Published: JUN 2013

Title: Lead Tolerance and Accumulation in Hirschfeldia incana, a Mediterranean Brassicaceae from Metalliferous Mine Spoils
Author(s): Auguy, Florence; Fahr, Mouna; Moulin, Patricia; et al.
Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 8 Issue: 5 Article Number: e61932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061932 Published: MAY 7 2013

Title: Blue fluorescent protein analogs as chemosensors for Zn2+
Author(s): Fang, Xinxiu; Li, Haolong; Zhao, Guiyan; et al.
Source: BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS Volume: 42 Pages: 308-313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.065 Published: APR 15 2013

Three chemosensors for Zn2+ were designed and synthesized based on the chromophore of the blue fluorescent protein (BFP). Among them, IMMPI (4-((1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylene)-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one) contained one BFP chromophore unit, which sequestered Zn2+ with nitrogen in the two imidazole rings, while Di-IMMPI-a and Di-IMMPI-o contained two IMMPI units that were connected together using an alkane and a methoxy chain, respectively. All three molecules selectively interacted with Zn2+ with a 1:1 mode. Di-IMMPI-a had a dissociation constant 0.03 mu M for Zn2+, more than 30 folds stronger than that of IMMPI. The fluorescences of IMMPI, Di-IMMPI-a, and Di-IMMPI-o were turned on upon the binding of Zn2+, accompanied by the quantum yields enhancing from 0.002 to 0.352, 0.451, and 0.194, respectively. Fluorescence images showed that Di-IMMPI-a responded to Zn2+ in cell cytosol. Our work demonstrated the potentiality for the development of practical Zn2+ sensors based on the isolated BFP chromophores without the protein frame. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Title: Sublethal Effects of Silver Nanoparticles and Dissolved Silver in Freshwater Mussels
Author(s): Gagne, F.; Auclair, J.; Turcotte, P.; et al.
Source: JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES Volume: 76 Issue: 8 Pages: 479-490 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.779561 Published: APR 1 2013
The increasing application of silver nanoparticles (nAg) in various consumer products has raised concerns regarding toxicological impacts in the environment. It is unclear at present whether the toxicity of nAg is mainly the result of the release of ionic Ag+ in mussels. The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata was exposed to increasing concentrations of 20-nm nAg, 80-nm nAg, and dissolved Ag+ for 48 h at 15 degrees C. The following biomarkers were used to determine the mode of action of nAg-induced adverse effects: metallothioneins (MT) (ionic Ag+ release), lipid peroxidation (LPO) (ionic Ag+ and nanosurface interactions), heat-shock proteins (HSP) (size-related effects), protein-ubiquitin levels (size-related effects), and DNA strand breaks (ionic Ag+ and size effects). Results revealed that the response pattern of 80 nm nAg was more closely related to ionic Ag+ than 20 nm nAg, suggesting a more important release of dissolved Ag from 80 nm nAg. Data showed that all forms of Ag were able to increase the levels of MT and LPO, which suggests the presence of ionic Ag+ leads to oxidative stress. However, nanoparticles were also able to induce changes in protein-ubiquitin and to a lesser extent actinomyosin-ATPase, MT, and DNA strand breaks in the digestive gland in a manner different from Ag+, which permitted discrimination of the forms of Ag. Moreover, LPO was closely associated with DNA strand breaks in the digestive gland and was not entirely explained by induction of MT, suggesting another type of toxic interaction. It was concluded that the presence of nAg not only increases the toxic loadings of released Ag ions but also generates other and perhaps cumulative effects of nanoparticle-induced toxicity related to size and surface properties.

Title: ScMT2-1-3, a Metallothionein Gene of Sugarcane, Plays an Important Role in the Regulation of Heavy Metal Tolerance/Accumulation
Author(s): Guo, Jinlong; Xu, Liping; Su, Yachun; et al.
Source: BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL Article Number: 904769 DOI: 10.1155/2013/904769 Published: 2013
Plant metallothioneins (MTs), which are cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight, and metal-binding proteins, play important roles in detoxification, metal ion homeostasis, and metal transport adjustment. In this study, a novel metallothionein gene, designated as ScMT2-1-3 (GenBank Accession number JQ627644), was identified from sugarcane. ScMT2-1-3 was 700 bp long, including a 240 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 79 amino acid residues. A His-tagged ScMT2-1-3 protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli system which had increased the host cell's tolerance to Cd2+, Cu2+, PEG, and NaCl. The expression of ScMT2-1-3 was upregulated under Cu2+ stress but downregulated under Cd2+ stress. Real-time qPCR demonstrated that the expression levels of ScMT2-1-3 in bud and root were over 14 times higher than those in stem and leaf, respectively. Thus, both the E. coli assay and sugarcane plantlets assay suggested that ScMT2-1-3 is significantly involved in the copper detoxification and storage in the cell, but its functional mechanism in cadmium detoxification and storage in sugarcane cells needs more testification though its expressed protein could obviously increase the host E. coli cell's tolerance to Cd2+. ScMT2-1-3 constitutes thus a new interesting candidate for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of MTs-implied plant heavy metal tolerance/accumulation and for developing sugarcane phytoremediator varieties.

Title: Influence of a microbial phytase and zinc oxide on young pig growth performance and serum minerals
Author(s): Walk, C. L.; Srinongkote, S.; Wilcock, P.
Source: JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE Volume: 91 Issue: 1 Pages: 286-291 DOI: 10.2527/jas2012-5430 Published: JAN 2013

Influenza

Title: The functional CD8 T cell memory recall repertoire responding to the influenza A M1(58-66) epitope is polyclonal and shows a complex clonotype distribution
Author(s): Zhou, Vivian; Yassai, Maryam B.; Regunathan, Jeyarani; et al.
Source: HUMAN IMMUNOLOGY Volume: 74 Issue: 7 Pages: 809-817 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.12.016 Published: JUL 2013

Title: Relationship between polyphenol content and anti-influenza viral effects of berries
Author(s): Sekizawa, Haruhito; Ikuta, Kazufumi; Mizuta, Katsumi; et al.
Source: JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Volume: 93 Issue: 9 Pages: 2239-2241 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6031 Published: JUL 2013
Background Berries are known to have many kinds of biological activities. We focused on their antiviral effect, which has not yet been well evaluated. Results We compared the anti-influenza viral effects of berries belonging to the genus Vaccinium - 35 species of blueberry (Vaccinium cyanococcus), the Natsuhaze (Vaccinium oldhamii), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos)- with those belonging to the genus Ribes, i.e. blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum). Only Elliott and Legacy among Northern Highbush varieties but many Rabbiteye varieties such as Austin, Baldwin, Brightblue, Festival, T-100 and Tifblue showed anti-influenza viral activity. Natsuhaze, bilberry, cranberry and blackcurrant had high antiviral effects. A relationship was observed between the antiviral effect and total polyphenol content. Conclusions Antiviral effects were found to differ markedly between berry species. Rabbiteye varieties tended to have higher antiviral effects than Northern, Southern and Half Highbush blueberry varieties. We also found that Natsuhaze, which has recently been harvested in Japan as a potential functional food, had an antiviral effect comparable to that of bilberry, cranberry and blackcurrant. There was a positive relationship between antiviral activity and polyphenol content, indicating the possibility that polyphenol is one of the key factors in the antiviral effects of berries. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Title: Construction and immunogenicity evaluation of an epitope-based antigen against swine influenza A virus using Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin B subunit as a carrier-adjuvant
Author(s): Sun, Zhi; Lawson, Steven; Langenhorst, Robert; et al.
Source: VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY Volume: 164 Issue: 3-4 Pages: 229-238 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.010 Published: JUN 28 2013

Title: Replication and Transcription Activities of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes Reconstituted from Avian H5N1, H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 Influenza A Viruses
Author(s): Ngai, Karry L. K.; Chan, Martin C. W.; Chan, Paul K. S.
Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 8 Issue: 6 Article Number: e65038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065038 Published: JUN 4 2013

Title: Resident CD8(+) and Migratory CD103(+) Dendritic Cells Control CD8 T Cell Immunity during Acute Influenza Infection
Author(s): Waithman, Jason; Zanker, Damien; Xiao, Kun; et al.
Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 8 Issue: 6 Article Number: e66136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066136 Published: JUN 4 2013

Title: Microarray analysis of MicroRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1)
Author(s): Song, Hao; Wang, Qi; Guo, Yang; et al.
Source: BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES Volume: 13 Article Number: 257 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-257 Published: JUN 3 2013
Abstract: Background: With concerns about the disastrous health and economic consequences caused by the influenza pandemic, comprehensively understanding the global host response to influenza virus infection is urgent. The role of microRNA (miRNA) has recently been highlighted in pathogen-host interactions. However, the precise role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in humans, especially in critically ill patients is still unclear.
Methods: We identified cellular miRNAs involved in the host response to influenza virus infection by performing comprehensive miRNA profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from critically ill patients with swine-origin influenza pandemic H1N1 (2009) virus infection via miRNA microarray and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted and area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of severe H1N1 influenza virus infection. Furthermore, an integrative network of miRNA-mediated host-influenza virus protein interactions was constructed by integrating the predicted and validated miRNA-gene interaction data with influenza virus and host-protein-protein interaction information using Cytoscape software. Moreover, several hub genes in the network were selected and validated by qRT-PCR.
Results: Forty-one significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were found by miRNA microarray; nine were selected and validated by qRT-PCR. QRT-PCR assay and ROC curve analyses revealed that miR-31, miR-29a and miR-148a all had significant potential diagnostic value for critically ill patients infected with H1N1 influenza virus, which yielded AUC of 0.9510, 0.8951 and 0.8811, respectively. We subsequently constructed an integrative network of miRNA-mediated host-influenza virus protein interactions, wherein we found that miRNAs are involved in regulating important pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, during influenza virus infection. Some of differentially expressed miRNAs via in silico analysis targeted mRNAs of several key genes in these pathways. The mRNA expression level of tumor protein T53 and transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 were found significantly reduced in critically ill patients, whereas the expression of Janus kinase 2, caspase 3 apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase, interleukin 10, and myxovirus resistance 1 were extremely increased in critically ill patients.
Conclusions: Our data suggest that the dysregulation of miRNAs in the PBMCs of H1N1 critically ill patients can regulate a number of key genes in the major signaling pathways associated with influenza virus infection. These differentially expressed miRNAs could be potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers for severe influenza virus infection.

Title: Influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin polymorphism and associated disease in southern Germany during the 2010/11 influenza season
Author(s): Falcone, Valeria; Bierbaum, Sibylle; Kern, Winfried; et al.
Source: ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY Volume: 158 Issue: 6 Pages: 1297-1303 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1610-1 Published: JUN 2013
A novel influenza A virus emerged in early 2009 to cause the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. Understanding the evolution of influenza virus is crucial to determine pathogenesis, vaccine efficacy, and resistance to antiviral drugs. In this study, we investigated the molecular evolution of influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2010/11 influenza season in southern Germany by sequence analysis of the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene from 25 patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease. Phylogenetic analysis revealed co-circulation of different genetic groups. The D222G mutation, which had previously been observed in severe cases, was not detected. Immunocompromised patients were not affected more severely than non-immunocompromised patients (p > 0.05), although longer shedding was observed in some of them. Interestingly, additional mutations and potential glycosylation sites were detected in samples from the lower respiratory tract in two patients, but not in the corresponding upper respiratory tract specimens. The H275Y mutation in the influenza virus neuraminidase gene, known to confer resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, was detected in one patient.

Title: A serine-to-asparagine mutation at position 314 of H5N1 avian influenza virus NP is a temperature-sensitive mutation that interferes with nuclear localization of NP
Author(s): Siboonnan, Nattamon; Wiriyarat, Wittawat; Boonarkart, Chompunuch; et al.
Source: ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY Volume: 158 Issue: 6 Pages: 1151-1157 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1595-1 Published: JUN 2013
Abstract: We have generated a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant from a human isolate of the H5N1 avian influenza virus by classical adaptation in cell culture. After 20 passages at low temperature, the virus showed a ts phenotype. The ts mutant also showed an attenuated phenotype after nasal inoculation in mice. Using reverse genetics, we generated reassortants carrying individual genomic segments of the wild-type and mutant viruses in an A/Puerto Rico/8/34 background, and found that the nucleoprotein (NP) gene could confer the ts phenotype. This mutant NP contains a serine-to-asparagine mutation at position 314 (S314N). The mutant NP protein showed a defect in nuclear localization at high temperature in mammalian cells.

Title: Comparison of protection against H5N1 influenza virus in mouse offspring provided by maternal vaccination with HA DNA and inactivated vaccine
Author(s): Zhang, Fenghua; Fang, Fang; Chang, Haiyan; et al.
Source: ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY Volume: 158 Issue: 6 Pages: 1253-1265 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1621-y Published: JUN 2013
H5N1 influenza virus is one of the viruses that can potentially cause an influenza pandemic. Protection of newborns against influenza virus infection could be effectively provided by maternal immunization. In this study, female mice were immunized with H5N1 HA DNA vaccine or inactivated whole-virion vaccine, and the protection provided by maternal antibodies in their offspring against a lethal homologous influenza virus challenge was compared. The results showed that maternal antibodies, whether induced by a DNA vaccine or an inactivated vaccine, could completely protect offspring aged 1-4 weeks from a lethal influenza virus challenge. Breast-feeding was the major route of transfer for maternal antibodies. Milk-derived antibodies were able to effectively protect the offspring aged 1-4 weeks from lethal influenza virus infection, whereas maternal antibodies transferred through the placenta only partially protected the offspring 1-2 weeks of age. The milk- and placenta-transferred IgG2a antibody levels in offspring from their mothers, whether vaccinated with DNA vaccine or inactivated vaccine, were higher than the IgG1 levels. Our results indicated that maternal vaccination with HA DNA, as well as with whole-virion inactivated vaccine, could offer effective protection to offspring against H5N1 influenza virus infection.

Title: Accumulation of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells in the lung, blood and bone marrow of mice infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 and H1N1 influenza viruses
Author(s): Long, James P.; Kotur, Mark S.; Stark, Gregory V.; et al.
Source: ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY Volume: 158 Issue: 6 Pages: 1305-1322 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1593-3 Published: JUN 2013
Abstract: Infection with pathogenic influenza viruses is associated with intense inflammatory disease. Here, we investigated the innate immune response in mice infected with H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/04 and with reassortant human H1N1 A/Texas/36/91 viruses containing the virulence genes hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and NS1 of the 1918 pandemic virus. Inclusion of the 1918 HA and NA glycoproteins rendered a seasonal H1N1 virus capable of inducing an exacerbated host innate immune response similar to that observed for highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus. Infection with 1918 HA/NA:Tx/91 and A/Vietnam/1203/04 were associated with severe lung pathology, increased cytokine and chemokine production, and significant immune cell changes, including the presence of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells in the blood, lung and bone marrow. Significant differential gene expression in the lung included pathways for cell death, apoptosis, production and response to reactive oxygen radicals, as well as arginine and proline metabolism and chemokines associated with monocyte and neutrophil/granulocyte accumulation and/or activation. Arginase was produced in the lung of animals infected with A/Vietnam/1204. These results demonstrate that the innate immune cell response results in the accumulation of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells and products that have previously been shown to contribute to T cell suppression.

Title: Serological investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 in ostriches (Struthio camelus)
Author(s): Abolnik, Celia; Fehrsen, Jeanni; Olivier, Adriaan; et al.
Source: AVIAN PATHOLOGY Volume: 42 Issue: 3 Pages: 206-214 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.779637 Published: JUN 1 2013
Abstract: An ostrich farm of 929 birds that tested polymerase chain reaction-positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 in a single sample was designated for culling, despite no evidence of sero-conversion as assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. A month later and immediately prior to culling, all birds were bled and tested with an IDEXX avian influenza virus (AIV) nucleoprotein (NP)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a high sero-prevalence was detected. To address the question of whether the NP-specific antibodies detected indicated exposure to H5 or non-H5 subtypes (H6N2 and H1N2 strains were also circulating regionally at the time), we developed two H5-specific ELISAs, both based on a recombinant H5 HA1 antigen. The H5 indirect ELISA used a horseradish peroxidase ostrich IgY conjugate that we produced in chicken eggs. The single-chain variable fragment (scFv) competitive ELISA (H5 scFv cELISA) used a scFv derived from an H5-immune chicken scFv library. By comparing IDEXX AIV ELISA results with those of the two H5-specific ELISAs and HI tests, we determined that up to 89% of the flock had been exposed to H5N2 AIV. We also detected evidence of suspected vaccination, since 17% of sera contained antibodies against the H5 glycoprotein but not the NP protein. Comparative analytical sensitivity indicated that HI tests are likely to miss up to 35% of H5-positive samples, and thus we consider that H5/H7-specific ELISAs should replace HI tests for ostrich testing in future.

Title: Chimaeric VP2 proteins from infectious bursal disease virus containing the N-terminal M2e of H9 subtype avian influenza virus induce neutralizing antibody responses to both viruses
Author(s): Tang, Yinghua; Gong, Yuzhen; Wang, Yongwei; et al.
Source: AVIAN PATHOLOGY Volume: 42 Issue: 3 Pages: 260-267 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.782096 Published: JUN 1 2013
Abstract: Subunit vaccines capable of inducing antibody against both infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and H9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) were developed. The VP2 protein of IBDV was used as a cargo protein to display a 12-amino-acid immunodominant epitope derived from the N-terminal M2 extracellular domain (nM2e) of the H9 subtype AIV. Two chimaeric proteins were constructed by insertion of one copy of the nM2e into the P-BC region (VP2(BC)nM2e(H9)) or by fusing four copies of nM2e to the carboxyl terminal (VP2-4nM2e(H9)) of VP2. Genes that encoded the VP2 chimaeras were subsequently cloned into a baculovirus vector and expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The recombinant proteins were used to vaccinate chickens at day 0 and again after 4 weeks. Blood was collected at 2-week intervals after primary and secondary vaccination to detect the antibody titre against VP2 or the nM2e via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Virus neutralization tests were also performed to measure anti-IBDV or anti-H9 AIV neutralizing antibodies in chick embryo fibroblasts. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected 3, 5 and 7 days post H9 subtype AIV infection for virus isolation. Vaccination with VP2-4nM2e(H9) induced higher levels of antibody responses against IBDV or H9 subtype AIV, and provided better protection against an IBDV virulent challenge compared with vaccination with VP2BCnM2e(H9) vaccine, the wild-type VP2 subunit vaccine or the IBDV subunit commercial vaccines. Both chimaeric VP2 vaccines showed poor efficacy in inhibiting H9 virus replication post challenge. In summary, chimaeric proteins that contain the nM2e epitope were able to induce both IBDV and H9 subtype AIV-neutralizing antibody responses.

Title: A Comparative Study of the Effects of Whole Red Ginseng Extract and Polysaccharide and Saponin Fractions on Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection
Author(s): Yin, Sun Young; Kim, Hyoung Jin; Kim, Hong-Jin
Source: BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN Volume: 36 Issue: 6 Pages: 1002-1007 Published: JUN 2013
Abstract: Total extracts of ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER) and saponin and polysaccharide fractions have been the main products used to investigate novel effects of ginseng over the last five decades. However, the differences if any between the pharmacological effects of total extract and saponin and polysaccharide fractions are largely unknown. In this study, we compared their effects on influenza A virus infection. Mice received total extract of Korean red ginseng (RG), and polysaccharide and saponin fractions of Korean RG, orally for 14d prior to influenza A virus infection. Seventy eight percent of mice infected with 2x the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of virus survived when administered the polysaccharide fraction, compared to 67%, 56% and 17% when administered total extract, saponin fraction and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Moreover, body weight loss in mice given the polysaccharide fraction was significantly reduced while there was mild reduction in body weight loss in that receiving saponin fraction or total extract when mice were infected with 0.2X or 0.5xLD(50) of virus. We also confirmed that the polysaccharide fraction was most effective in reducing the accumulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing dendritic cells (tipDCs) in the mouse lungs. Our results indicate that the polysaccharides of RG have a pronounced beneficial effect on the symptoms of influenza virus infection.

Title: New molecular assay set can detect and quantify influenza virus in 1 day
Author(s): Yianni, Mary
Source: EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY Volume: 11 Issue: 6 Pages: 553-553 Published: JUN 2013

Title: New molecular assay set can detect and quantify influenza virus in a day
Author(s): Yianni, Mary
Source: FUTURE VIROLOGY Volume: 8 Issue: 6 Pages: 528-528 Published: JUN 2013
itle: Avian influenza A H7N9 in Zhejiang, China
Author(s): Koopmans, Marion; de Jong, Menno D.
Source: LANCET Volume: 381 Issue: 9881 Pages: 1882-1883 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60936-8 Published: JUN 1 2013

. Title: Genesis of avian-origin H7N9 influenza A viruses
Author(s): Van Ranst, Marc; Lemey, Philippe
Source: LANCET Volume: 381 Issue: 9881 Pages: 1883-1885 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60959-9 Published: JUN 1 2013

Title: Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome
Author(s): Chen, Yu; Liang, Weifeng; Yang, Shigui; et al.
Source: LANCET Volume: 381 Issue: 9881 Pages: 1916-1925 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60903-4 Published: JUN 1 2013
Abstract: Background Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus emerged in eastern China in February, 2013, and has been associated with exposure to poultry. We report the clinical and microbiological features of patients infected with influenza A H7N9 virus and compare genomic features of the human virus with those of the virus in market poultry in Zhejiang, China.
Methods Between March 7 and April 8, 2013, we included hospital inpatients if they had new-onset respiratory symptoms, unexplained radiographic infiltrate, and laboratory-confirmed H7N9 virus infection. We recorded histories and results of haematological, biochemical, radiological, and microbiological investigations. We took throat and sputum samples, used RT-PCR to detect M, H7, and N9 genes, and cultured samples in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. We tested for co-infections and monitored serum concentrations of six cytokines and chemokines. We collected cloacal swabs from 86 birds from epidemiologically linked wet markets and inoculated embryonated chicken eggs with the samples. We identified and subtyped isolates by RT-PCR sequencing. RNA extraction, complementary DNA synthesis, and PCR sequencing were done for one human and one chicken isolate. We characterised and phylogenetically analysed the eight gene segments of the viruses in the patient's and the chicken's isolates, and constructed phylogenetic trees of H, N, PB2, and NS genes.
Findings We identified four patients (mean age 56 years), all of whom had contact with poultry 3-8 days before disease onset. They presented with fever and rapidly progressive pneumonia that did not respond to antibiotics. Patients were leucopenic and lymphopenic, and had impaired liver or renal function, substantially increased serum cytokine or chemokine concentrations, and disseminated intravascular coagulation with disease progression. Two patients died. Sputum specimens were more likely to test positive for the H7N9 virus than were samples from throat swabs. The viral isolate from the patient was closely similar to that from an epidemiologically linked market chicken. All viral gene segments were of avian origin. The H7 of the isolated viruses was closest to that of the H7N3 virus from domestic ducks in Zhejiang, whereas the N9 was closest to that of the wild bird H7N9 virus in South Korea. We noted Gln226Leu and Gly186Val substitutions in human virus H7 (associated with increased affinity for alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors) and the PB2 Asp701Asn mutation (associated with mammalian adaptation). Ser31Asn mutation, which is associated with adamantane resistance, was noted in viral M2.

Title: Origin and diversity of novel avian influenza A H7N9 viruses causing human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and coalescent analyses
Author(s): Liu, Di; Shi, Weifeng; Shi, Yi; et al.
Source: LANCET Volume: 381 Issue: 9881 Pages: 1926-1932 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60938-1 P Background On March 30, 2013, a novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus that infects human beings was identified. This virus had been detected in six provinces and municipal cities in China as of April 18, 2013. We correlated genomic sequences from avian influenza viruses with ecological information and did phylogenetic and coalescent analyses to extrapolate the potential origins of the virus and possible routes of reassortment events.

Methods We downloaded H7N9 virus genome sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database and public sequences used from the Influenza Virus Resource. We constructed phylogenetic trees and did 1000 bootstrap replicates for each tree. Two rounds of phylogenetic analyses were done. We used at least 100 closely related sequences for each gene to infer the overall topology, removed suspicious sequences from the trees, and focused on the closest clades to the novel H7N9 viruses. We compared our tree topologies with those from a bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST) analysis. We used the bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method to jointly estimate phylogenies, divergence times, and other evolutionary parameters for all eight gene fragments. We used sequence alignment and homology-modelling methods to study specific mutations regarding phenotypes, specifically addressing the human receptor binding properties.
Findings The novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus originated from multiple reassortment events. The HA gene might have originated from avian influenza viruses of duck origin, and the NA gene might have transferred from migratory birds infected with avian influenza viruses along the east Asian flyway. The six internal genes of this virus probably originated from two different groups of H9N2 avian influenza viruses, which were isolated from chickens. Detailed analyses also showed that ducks and chickens probably acted as the intermediate hosts leading to the emergence of this virulent H7N9 virus. Genotypic and potential phenotypic differences imply that the isolates causing this outbreak form two separate subclades.
Interpretation The novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus might have evolved from at least four origins. Diversity among isolates implies that the H7N9 virus has evolved into at least two different lineages. Unknown intermediate hosts involved might be implicated, extensive global surveillance is needed, and domestic-poultry-to-person transmission should be closely watched in the future. ublished: JUN 1 2013

Title: A novel combined adjuvant strongly enhances mucosal and systemic immunity to low pathogenic avian influenza after oral immunization in ducks
Author(s): Kang, Haihong; Wang, Hongli; Yu, Qinghua; et al.
Source: POULTRY SCIENCE Volume: 92 Issue: 6 Pages: 1543-1551 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-03000 Published: JUN 2013
As natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses, waterfowl play an important role in the generation, spread, and enzootic transmission of avian influenza. To prevent avian influenza in waterfowl through a simple, noninvasive, and needle-free route, ducks were immunized orally with an inactivated avian influenza virus (H9N2, IAIV) combined with CpG DNA and high-dose glucose, and then the local and systemic immune responses of these ducks were investigated. In addition, the immune protection was assayed after viral challenge. After the oral administration of IAIV combined with CpG DNA and glucose, the expression levels of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in the small intestine tissues increased significantly in the early period after booster immunization relative to the levels after immunization with IAIV and a single adjuvant. Significant increases were also observed in the IgA and IgG antibody levels in the local intestinal tract tissues and serum at wk 3, 5, and 7 after the first immunization. Furthermore, enhanced hemagglutination inhibition titers were also detected in serum samples taken between the third and seventh weeks after immunization with IAIV and both adjuvants. In the viral challenge and transmission study, the prior administration of IAIV combined with both CpG DNA and glucose reduced the viral titers observed for the cloaca swabs and colon tissues of challenged ducks and prevented virus transmission between ducks. Our study suggests that the combination of CpG DNA and high-dose glucose can improve immunization with inactivated H9N2 virus by enhancing the local and systemic immune responses and reducing viral shedding.

Title: Environmental connections of novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza virus infection and virus adaptation to the human
Author(s): Li Jun; Yu XinFen; Pu XiaoYing; et al.
Source: SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES Volume: 56 Issue: 6 Pages: 485-492 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4491-3 Published: JUN 2013
Abstract: A novel H7N9 influenza A virus has been discovered as the causative identity of the emerging acute respiratory infection cases in Shanghai, China. This virus has also been identified in cases of infection in the neighboring area Hangzhou City in Zhejiang Province. In this study, epidemiologic, clinical, and virological data from three patients in Hangzhou who were confirmed to be infected by the novel H7N9 influenza A virus were collected and analyzed. Human respiratory specimens and chicken feces from a contacted free market were tested for influenza virus by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and sequencing. The clinical features of the three cases were similar featured with high fever and severe respiratory symptoms; however, only one of the patients died. A certain degree of diversity was observed among the three Hangzhou viruses sequenced from human samples compared with other reported H7N9 influenza A viruses. The sequences of the novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses from Hangzhou City contained important amino acid substitutions related to human adaptation. One of the Hangzhou viruses had gained a novel amino acid substitution (Q226I) in the receptor binding region of hemagglutinin. More importantly, the virus sequenced from the chicken feces had a 627E substitution in the PB2 protein instead of the mammalian-adapted 627K substitution that was found in the PB2 proteins from the Hangzhou viruses from the three patients. Therefore, the newly-emerging H7N9 virus might be under adaptation pressure that will help it "jump" from avian to human hosts. The significance of these substitutions needs further exploration, with both laboratory experiments and extensive field surveillance.

Title: The Novel H7N9 Influenza A Virus: Its Present Impact and Indeterminate Future
Author(s): Kahn, Robert E.; Richt, Juergen A.
Source: VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume: 13 Issue: 6 Pages: 347-348 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.999.ceezad Published: JUN 2013

Title: Detection of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Waterbirds in the Rift Valley of Kenya Using Fecal Sampling
Author(s): Ofula, Victor O.; Franklin, Alan B.; Root, J. Jeffrey; et al.
Source: VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume: 13 Issue: 6 Pages: 394-400 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0926 Published: JUN 2013
Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/H5N1 has been reported in 11 African countries. Migratory waterbirds have the potential of introducing A/H5N1 into east Africa through the Rift Valley of Kenya. We present the results of a wild bird surveillance system for A/H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses based on avian fecal sampling in Kenya. We collected 2630 fecal samples in 2008. Viral RNA was extracted from pools of 3-5 fecal samples and analyzed for presence of avian influenza virus RNA by real-time RT-PCR. Twelve (2.3%) of the 516 sample pools were positive for avian influenza virus RNA, 2 of which were subtyped as H4N6 viruses. This is the first report of avian influenza virus in wild birds in Kenya. This study demonstrates the success of this approach in detecting avian influenza virus in wild birds and represents an efficient surveillance system for avian influenza virus in regions with limited resources.

Title: Characterization of Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Influenza Antigen Microarrays
Author(s): Price, Jordan V.; Jarrell, Justin A.; Furman, David; et al.
Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 8 Issue: 5 Article Number: e64555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064555 Published: MAY 29 2013

Title: Protein Clustering and RNA Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Influenza a Virus NS1 Protein Allow an Update in Classification and Identification of Motif Conservation
Author(s): Sevilla-Reyes, Edgar E.; Chavaro-Perez, David A.; Piten-Isidro, Elvira; et al.
Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 8 Issue: 5 Article Number: e63098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063098 Published: MAY 7 2013

Title: The highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza strain from July 2012 in Mexico acquired an extended cleavage site through recombination with host 28S rRNA
Author(s): Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian; Lee, Raphael Tc; Gunalan, Vithiagaran; et al.
Source: VIROLOGY JOURNAL Volume: 10 Article Number: 139 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-139 Published: MAY 1 2013

Title: Hydrogel based QCM aptasensor for detection of avian influenza virus
Author(s): Wang, Ronghui; Li, Yanbin
Source: BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS Volume: 42 Pages: 148-155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.038 Published: APR 15 2013

Title: Ab initio calculations and validation of the pH-dependent structures of the His37-Trp41 quartet, the heart of acid activation and proton conductance in the M2 protein of Influenza A virus
Author(s): Dong, Hao; Yi, Myunggi; Cross, Timothy A.; et al.
Source: CHEMICAL SCIENCE Volume: 4 Issue: 7 Pages: 2776-2787 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50293g Published: 2013
Abstract: The M2 protein of Influenza A virus forms a homotetrameric proton channel activated by low pH. The His37-Trp41 quartet is the heart of acid activation and proton conductance, but the functional mechanism is still controversial. We carried out ab initio calculations to model the pH-dependent structures of the His37-Trp41 quartet. In our model at neutral pH, the four His37 residues are configured into a pair of dimers; in each dimer, a proton is shared between N delta 1 on one residue and N epsilon 2 on the other, and, under the restraint of the backbone, the two imidazole rings are nearly parallel, in contrast to a perpendicular arrangement for a free imidazole-imidazolium dimer. Within each dimer the +1 charge is highly delocalized, contributing to its stabilization in a low dielectric environment. The N delta 1-H-N epsilon 2 strong hydrogen bonds result in significantly downfield shifted N delta 1 and N epsilon 2 chemical shifts (at 169.7 and 167.6 ppm, respectively), in good agreement with experiments. In our model at acidic pH (where the channel becomes activated), a third proton binds to an imidazole-imidazolium dimer; the imidazole rings rotate away (each by similar to 55 degrees) from each other, destroying the dimer structure. The two imidazoliums are stabilized by hydrogen bonds with water molecules and a cation-pi interaction with Trp41. The Raman spectra calculated for the His37-Trp41 quartet at neutral and acidic pH are in agreement with experiments. Our calculations support an activation and conductance mechanism in which a hydronium ion from the N-terminal side transfers a proton to an imidazole-imidazolium dimer; when the Trp41 gate is open, relaying of a proton onto a water chain from the C-terminal side then allows the imidazole-imidazolium dimer to reform and be ready for the next round of proton conductance.

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