MiRNA: From biogenesis to medical utilization

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They take up about 2 % of the genome and affects up to one third of the protein-coding genes. Their biogenesis starts in the cell nucleus and passes into the cytoplasm where the functional forms of miRNAs participate in the process of RNA interference. Nowadays, the biggest interest focuses on the role of miRNAs during carcinogenesis. Mutations in the genes for various miRNAs types is to promote proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Therefore, the miRNA counts as a good diagnostic marker or even as a treatment method.

Fig.1.: MiRNA biogenesis first. Precursor miRNA (pri-miRNA) is transcribed by RNA polymerase II. With complex Drosha / Pasha pri-miRNA sestřihnuta on pre-miRNA, which is subsequently transported into the cytoplasm via complex Exportin 5. cytoplasm is pre-miRNA retrieved Dicer complex, which was clipped precursor into short duplexes of RNA RNA. One string of duplex is degraded, and the second is attached to the RISC complex. Adapted according to 27th

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