Nanomedicine in the future of HIV treatment

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus, causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]. HIV is still responsible for more than 25 million deaths worldwide and estimated 34 million people are infected with HIV across the globe [2]. From development of nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine (AZT) in 1987 [3] significant advances in HIV therapy have been achieved. Moreover, subsequent development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), using a cocktail of antiretroviral drugs significantly improved the life expectancy and quality of patients suffering from HIV [4]. Despite the striking successes in disease management, HAART is still associated with disadvantages such as inability to inhibit the drug-resistant viral strains, serious adverse effects, high costs and inability to eradicate HIV from its reservoirs [5]. As such, killing HIV in cellular and tissue reservoirs represents a major challenge for eradicating HIV infection. The infection of a relatively few cell types makes it desirable to direct drug therapy only to infected cells. Moreover latently infected cells do not show any signs of infection on their surface. Thus, active targeting of HIV drugs to HIV-infected cells has been difficult to achieve [6]. The recent advances in the development of nanomaterials have shown promises to revolutionize diagnosis, treatment and prevention of many diseases/pathogens, including HIV. The present study discusses particularly the possibilities and advantages of nanoscaled materials and technologies in control of HIV.

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