Regulation of human oncogenes’ expression by human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 protein

The human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a diverse group of DNA viruses that establishes productive infections only in the laminated epithelium of the skin and in mucous membranes. More than 100 HPV types are known and the standard classification in types of high and low risk of these viruses was performed based on their cancer pathogenesis[1]. Most HPVs cause no symptoms, currently; the available studies show that the prevalence of asymptomatic genital HPV infections in the population is very high [2].Some types of HPVs can cause warts, while others can cause subclinical infections, which can lead to cervical cancer, in women or cancer of the anus and penis in men [3]. The most often transmission of HPVs occurs through skin to skin contact, so viral particles can penetrate first into mucosa and then, into epithelial cells [4]. Other HPV types affect non-anogenital localizations, such as the head and neck areas. The term head and neck cancer includes malignancy in an area that comprises the skin, oral cavity, salivary glands, lip, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and soft tissues of the neck and ear [5,6]. The molecular mechanism of HPV carcinogenesis can be explained by the regulation and function of the two viral oncogenes E6 and E7. These oncogenes, increase the rate of cell division or inhibit programmed cell death, thereby they will increase the risk of malignant transformation [7,8].The great advances for fight against these viruses have been developed, such as prophylactic vaccination and high sensitivity-specificity methodologies of detection [9].

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