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Průměrný učitel vypráví. Dobrý učitel vysvětluje. Výborný učitel ukazuje. Nejlepší učitel inspiruje.

Charles Farrar Browne

Polní laboratoř

Information: Tropical Strom Freda (Southern Pacific)

Tropical Cyclone Freda intensified over the last couple of days in the warm waters of the Southern Pacific Ocean, and NASA's TRMM and Aqua satellites measured the rainfall within the storm, and noticed the eye grew larger. When NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite passed over Cyclone Freda on Dec. 30 at 1004 UTC (5:04 a.m. EST) data indicated that the heaviest rainfall was occurring southeast of the center. Rainfall in that area was falling at a rate of 2 inches/50 mm per hour (red). TRMM data showed a 1 0 nautical-mile (11.5 mile/18.5 km) wide eye in Freda's center. TRMM also showed strong banding of thunderstorms wrapping around Freda's center, indicative of a powerful cyclone. On Dec. 30 at 0300 UTC (Dec. 29 at 10 p.m. EST/U.S.) Freda's maximum sustained winds were near 100 knots (115 mph/185.2 kph). It was located about 590 nautical miles northwest of Noumea, New Caledonia, near 14.3 south latitude and 160.7 east longitude. Freda was moving to the south-southeast at 7 knots (8 mph/13 kph). Later that day, another NASA satellite passed over Cyclone Freda and captured a visible image of Freda's cloud shield. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument that flies aboard NASA's Terra satellite captured a visible image of Tropical Cyclone Freda over the Solomon Islands on Dec. 30, 2012 at 2345 UTC (6:45 p.m. EST/U.S.). MODIS imagery showed that Freda's eye had widened to 13 nautical miles (15 miles/24 km), although the spiral banding of thunderstorms had diminished. MODIS imagery and TRMM imagery are created at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. On Dec. 31 at 0300 UTC (Dec. 30 at 10 p.m. EST/U.S.) Freda's maximum sustained winds increased to 105 knots (120.8 mph/194.5 kph). It was located about 465 nautical miles (535.1 miles/861.2 km) northwest of Noumea, New Caledonia, near 16.7 south latitude and 161.2 east longitude. Freda was moving to the south at 6 knots (7 mph/11 kph). Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) data from the DMSP satellite showed that increasing northwesterly wind shear (up to 25 knots/28.7 mph/46.3 kph) was eroding Freda's main convection (rising air that forms the thunderstorms that make up Freda) north of the center. SSMIS data are produced as part of NASA's MEaSUREs Program. At 1332 UTC Dec. 31 (8:32 a.m. EST/U.S.) or 12:32 a.m. VUT local time, Jan. 1, 2013, the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD), Port Vila issued an advisory on Tropical Cyclone Freda. The VMGD bulletin noted "central and southern islands of Vanuatu may receive strong to gale force winds of 60 to 90 KM/HR within the next 36 to 48 hours. Heavy rainfall is expected over central and southern Vanuatu. Flooding is also possible over low lying areas and areas close to river banks." For updated forecasts, visit: http://www.meteo.gov.vu/. Freda is expected to continue moving southward and turn to toward New Caledonia on Jan. 2, 2013. During the latter half of that period, Freda will be moving over cooler waters and into an area of higher wind shear, which forecasters at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center expect to weaken the storm.





Tropical Storm Mitchell (Western Pacific)

Dry air from Australia and wind shear are two factors that quickly limited rainfall in short-lived Tropical Storm Mitchell. NASA's TRMM satellite passed overhead on Dec. 30 and noticed most of the rainfall in one quadrant of the storm. Tropical Storm Mitchell appeared to be weakening on Dec. 30 once the low-level center became fully exposed to outside winds. Wind Shear and NASA's TRMM satellite showed dry air moving into the tropical storm from Australia. Both of those factors were taking a toll on the storm. Maximum sustained winds were near 35 knots (40 mph/62 kph). Mitchell was located about 225 nautical miles west of Learmonth, Australia, near 23.2 south latitude and 109.8 east longitude. It was moving to the south at 13 knots and its center remained off the coast of Western Australia. NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite passed over Mitchell on Dec. 30 at 0457 UTC (Dec. 29 at 11:57 p.m. EST/U.S.) and noticed most of the precipitation was south of the center (yellow/green/blue). Much of the northern, western and eastern quadrants were devoid of precipitation on the TRMM image.By 1500 UTC (10 a.m. EST/U.S.), Mitchell had fallen below tropical depression status and was a remnant low pressure area. Clouds associated with Mitchell's remnants were hundreds of miles off-shore from Western Australia, and stretched from Geraldton to Perth to Albany. Mitchell's remnants were dissipating over cooler waters while being battered with strong wind shear far off-shore from Western Australia.

NASA Sees Tropical Storm Dumile Strengthen Off the Madagascar Coast

The low pressure area designated as System 96S in the Southern Indian Ocean became Tropical Storm Dumile on the first day of January, 2013 as NASA's TRMM satellite data showed the storm consolidating, organizing and intensifying. On Jan. 2, NASA's Aqua satellite captured a visible image that showed Dumile was getting better organized. On Dec. 31 at 0702 UTC (2:02 a.m. EST), NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite passed over consolidating System 96S, that later became Tropical Storm Dumile on Jan. 1. When TRMM passed over System 96S its radar noticed the heaviest rainfall was occurring northwest of the center of circulation. The heaviest rainfall was being pushed from southeasterly wind shear that continued on Jan. 1. There were also multiple areas of heavy rainfall where rain was falling at a rate of more than 2 inches (50 mm) per hour. On Jan. 1, 2013 at 1500 UTC (10 a.m. EST) Tropical Storm Dumile's winds were near 45 knots (51.7 mph/83.3 kph). Dumile was centered near 12.5 south latitude and 55.6 east longitude, about 550 nautical miles of La Reunion. Dumile was moving to the southwest at 8 knots (9.2 mph/14.8 kph). On Jan. 1, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) noted "satellite imagery showed that the low level circulation center appears to be displaced slightly to the southeast of the main convection," as a result of wind shear. Strong upper level winds are currently stirring up moderate southeasterly vertical wind shear as high as 20 knots (23 mph/37 kph). By Jan. 2, 2013 at 0900 UTC (4 a.m. EST/U.S.), wind shear had relaxed, and Tropical Storm Dumile's maximum sustained winds had increased to 55 knots (63.2 mph/102 kph). It was centered over the Southern Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, near 15.4 south latitude and 55.8 east longitude. That puts Dumile's center about 370 nautical miles (425.8 miles/685.2 km) north of La Reunion, which is the general direction the storm is heading. Dumile is now moving south-southeast (it was moving southwest) at 14 knots (16.1 mph/26 kph). In a visible image taken from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite, bands of thunderstorms wrapping around the storm's center appeared more organized. Aqua flew over Dumile on Jan. 2 at 1035 UTC (5:35 a.m. EST/U.S.). The MODIS image showed powerful, high thunderstorms in a tight band wrapping into the center from the north, to the east and south. Large bands of thunderstorms extended a couple hundred miles to the northwest and south. On Jan. 2, Dumile is moving along the western edge of a subtropical ridge (elongated area) of high pressure. Forecasters at the JTWC expect Dumile to steadily intensify into a cyclone over the next two days. After that time, cooler sea surface temperatures will weaken the storm.

NASA Sees Tropical Depression Sonamu Form Near Philippines

The first Tropical Depression of 2013 formed the western North Pacific Ocean today, and NASA's Terra satellite captured an infrared image of the "birth."Tropical Depression Sonamu, otherwise known as Tropical Depression 01W developed near 8.6 north latitude and 118.6 east longitude, about 185 nautical miles (213 miles/342.6 km) northwest of Zamboanga, Philippines. Sonamu's center is located in the Sulu Sea and is expected to cross the southern end of Palawan before moving into the open waters of the South China Sea. Sonamu developed from low pressure System 92W. At 1500 UTC (10 a.m. EST/U.S.), Sonamu had maximum sustained winds near 25 knots (28.7 mph/46.3 kph) and is expected to struggle to intensify as moderate to strong vertical wind shear continues to impact the storm. Sonamu is moving to the west at 17 knots (19.5 mph/31.8 kph) and is expected to continue in that general direction for the next couple of days. When NASA's Terra satellite passed over Sonamu on Jan. 3 at 1413 UTC (9:13 a.m. EST/U.S.) the center was approaching southern Palawan. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer or MODIS instrument captured an infrared image of Sonamu that showed its clouds had overspread southern Palawan. Forecasters at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, who forecast tropical cyclones in that area of the world, noted that infrared imagery showed that the low-level center is consolidating, and there is strong convection (rapidly rising air that condenses and forms the thunderstorms that make up a tropical cyclone) around the center. Satellite data also shows some banding of thunderstorms wrapping around the center. By 0000 UTC on Jan. 4 (Jan. 3 at 7 p.m. EST/U.S.) Sonamu will have crossed Palawan and entered the South China Sea, where it is expected to track for the next several days.

V rámci experimentálních cílů, které mají za úkol využití a aplikaci navrhovaných technologií a postupů je k dispozici výzkumný prostor v rámci polních podmínek. V současnosti (konec roku 2012) jsou k dispozici tři monitorovací místa pro hodnocení fyzikálních podmínek pozemské atmosféry. Měřící bod 1 je umístěn v nadmořské výšce 305 m.n.m v ose Boskovické brázdy, podobně jako měřící bod 2 (je vzdálen asi 50 m od bodu 1 a zajišťuje monitorování vodního toku. Třetí měřící bod je umístěn na okraj Drahanské vrchoviny v nadmořské výšce 380 m.n.m asi 150 m od měřící bodu 1. Vzdálenosti jednotlivých měřících stanovišť jsou malé, přesto na těchto místech je možné pozorovat velmi výrazné změny. Především ve značné diferenci teplotních údajů.




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