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Flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection for rapid identification of platinum-based cytostatics and platinum chlorides in water

The platinum group elements (PGEs)—platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and the relatively rare iridium and osmium—are among the less abundant elements in the environment.Their extreme resistance to other chemicals and great mechanical properties make them ideally suited for a large number of applications. In particular, platinum has been found to be very useful in a broad range of sectors [1]. Platinum metals are used in jewelry and in catalytic converters in the automotive industry, and currently also in medicine, where this metal is increasingly being used as material for production of stents, spinal fixations, hip or knee implants and as a component of antineoplastic agents a [2]. Due to the steady increase in their use, PGEs are also potential environmental contaminants, which tend to bioaccumulate in various plant and animal tissues representing a serious threat to organisms [3]. The largest toxicological problems are caused by platinum chlorides and coordination complexes used in chemotherapy [4–9].

Due to their negative effects on organisms it is necessary to properly identify the presence of PGEs and especially cytostatics in the water environment which serves as distribution route [10]. The most widely used platinum-based cytostatic, cisplatin, is applied in concentrations of 75–100 mg.m-2 of body surface area, oxaliplatin in concentrations of 150 mg.m-2 and carboplatin in concentrations of 400 mg.m-2. Some 75% of the applied amounts may be excreted through urine into wastewaters [11]. These values indicate the potential seriousness of wastewater contamination with platinum-based cytostatics and highlight the importance of determination of their content. For this purpose a wide range of methods, such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), the most commonly applied analytical method for PGE detection, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), optical emission spectrometry (OES) or mass spectrometry (MS) can be utilized [12,13]. Liquid chromatography (LC) in tandem with mass spectrometry can also be applied for the determination of platinum-based cytostatics [14]. Electrochemical methods based on the catalytic properties of specific platinum compounds are characterized by high sensitivity to the presence of other platinum based compounds [15–17]. All of these methods require various sample pre-treatments, long analysis times and expensive instrumentation.

It is important to explore new ways and methods to simplify, accelerate and reduce the costs of PGE analyses. One possibility is offered by flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED), based on which now we suggest a procedure providing rapid detection of PGEs and recognition of the presence of platinum-based cytostatics in contaminated wastewaters.

Práce je spojená s projektem CEITEC CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0068.

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